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 <fs xx-large>Spotify</fs></WRAP>
-Ahh, do you remember when music was special? When the survey question "how many discs of music have you bought in the last year?" was actually still a thing? Well, I don't. I grew up in a transitional period where everyone had discs, but music storage shifted more and more towards USB drives. So for anything that already existed, you would turn towards your trusty disc rack (which was filled to bursting with discs). For anything //new// you would download a digital album and move it onto a 2GB USB stick, plug that into your car and hope the radio gets the song order correct, otherwise it would be twenty button presses just to get to track two. Ah, the good times.
+Spotify is a music licensing and streaming service from Sweden, founded in 2006. Spotify launched during a time dominated by peer-to-peer filesharing using applications such as Limewire or Kazaa. Limewire and Kazaa made it possible for users to easily share files, including audio, between users directly //for free//. While this was great for many users, it came with multiple drawbacks. **For one**, filesharing is rather risky business because you do not know who is sitting on the other end of the connection, and you do not know the exact contents of the file you received. While you could see the file name, file extension and the file size, any information beyond that was hard to ascertain and you always risked malware intrusion. **Secondly**, filesharing like this is illegal because it constitutes piracy. As an end user, you were at risk of getting sued yourself (though that happened much less than they had wanted you to believe), and you also knew that Limewire and Kazaa were not permanent solutions, as those were going to be shot down eventually as well.
-But there was a problem - Corporations were bleeding money to piracy; and there is nothing corporations hate more than bleeding money. So, a solution was needed. Pirating is illegal, but how can corporation get people to actually care about this? Turns out, the answer was simple: Cater to people's laziness. For just a small fee every month you can listen to music legally, wherever you go! No more of that "actually having the music on your device" crap, that only takes up storage space and as an iPhone user you'd have to buy a more expensive phone to fit all your files((Or you have a phone from //any// competitor that just lets you insert a multi-terabyte SD card, but even that would still involve getting an SD card.)). Instead, to listen to your music you now only have to press the "On" button on your mobile data toggle. Or you download the music anyway (cue iPhone users buying a new phone) and you get to listen to that music as long as you keep paying the monthly small Spotify fee. Just amazing.
+Spotify provided a convenient alternative: For the low low price of nine dollars and ninety-nine cents, you could listen to all the music for free, legally, and on-the-fly. Of course people don't //want// to pirate - if they can find a way to listen to their music and make sure the artist gets paid, that would be ideal. Spotify offered all that. Remember that, before Limewire and Kazaa, you had to buy CD's. With Spotify, you could now listen to virtually all the music. Whether you listened to 20 songs from what would be just one CD, or 500 songs from 500 different CD's, you were still paying the fixed price of 9.99, and you wouldn't have to go through the hassle of either switching around CD's or downloading all these tracks manually, which was always kind of risky with Limewire or Kazaa. In many respects, Spotify was objectively cheaper and a natural evolution for both the consumer and the industry. ....and the industry.
-And... people fell for it! Now, Spotify is ubiquitous and it would be weird not to use it to listen to your music. It's just amazing. Honestly, for as much shit as I give to Spotify, I seriously have to express my respect for how you've been able to completely conquer and monopolize/monolithize an industry and getting users so apathetic about anything that isn't immediately their problem. I mean, surely there couldn't be anything wrong with Spotify, right?
 ====== 1. Monetization ======
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-So, back in the day you would have bought a disc, a digital album, a cassette or even a record. This could have been a ~15€ purchase and then you'd stick that into the playback device of your choice and you'd be good to go. So imagine this: Instead of buying a disc, you pay 13€ to Spotify and listen to Artist A exactly one time. Then, you log off and don't use Spotify for the rest of the month. At the end of the month it's payout time: First things first, Spotify takes a 30% cut for the amazing service they provide you with, and then the remaining 70% should go Artist A, right? Well, that would be the fair thing to do, but Spotify is smarter than that.
+So, back in the day you would have bought a disc, a digital album, a cassette or even a record. This could have been a ~15€ purchase and then you'd stick that into the playback device of your choice and you'd be good to go. These 15€ would go to the label of the artist, who has a contract with the artist regulating their payout. In general, a label needs to balance its spending on manufacturing (CD's or cassettes cost money), employees, equipment etc. with their spending on the artist. This hasn't changed today (except you don't pay for CD's or cassettes anymore), but with Spotify in the mix it's now a bit more complicated. Consider this example: Instead of buying a disc, you now pay 13€ to Spotify and listen to Artist A exactly one time. Then, you log off and don't use Spotify for the rest of the month. At the end of the month it's payout time: First things first, Spotify takes a 30% cut for the amazing service they provide you with. Then the remaining 70% should go Artist A, right? Well, that would be the fair thing to do, but Spotify is smarter than that.
 When you listen to music from Artist A, your "listen" is thrown into the pool of //all// listens out there. This means that if you listen to Artist A once, and you are Artist A's only listener, Artist A will get paid the same as every other Artist on Spotify that had only one listen. Even though you paid the price of what could have been a full CD from Artist A, they now get 0,004€((Based on various sources that claim an average rate of 0,003 to 0,005 per play.)) and the remaining <wrap lo>12,99€ - 30% - 0,004€ ≈</wrap> 9,93€ now go to Taylor Swift((This is a joke on the basis that Taylor Swift is the most streamed businessperson on Spotify, which means that she will get the largest cut. I am using "Taylor Swift" here as a stand-in for all the largest and large creators on the platform.)).
-The way this works is that the total amount of money collected from end users is, at the end of the month, distributed to all artists equally, proportional to their share in plays. This isn't about how many plays they got in absolute terms, it's about how many plays they got in comparison to everyone else. Example: If 30% of all plays in a month go to Taylor Swift (completely made up number), she will get 30% of the available money. So, regardless of how much you play Artist A, 30% of your money put into the platform //will// go to Taylor Swift - unless you try to inflate Artist A's numbers, which is mathematically impossible to do, legally((Even if you go out of your way to listen to your favorite artist a lot to bolster their numbers. Not only would 1000 listens or 10,000 listens barely make a dent in the overall percentages, you as someone trying to help are still competing with listeners from other artists, who do the same thing. Proportionally, you're just cancelling each other out. And, funnily enough, that doesn't even matter because you will //never// outcompete stream farming bots who can inflate stream numbers at unimaginable rates.)). That's cool, isn't it? Spotify has - of course by accident - created a [[zero-sum]] game that will make everyone pay the big ones while small artists are fighting over the scraps. And the cool thing about //not// being one of the big artists is that it is essentially impossible to become one, because to do that you would have to the percentage of plays of other artists. If Artist A does somehow win, then that by design means that other artists will get **proportionally** less plays((And sure, they may get more plays in absolute terms, but that means nothing if you still get less of a share. The result: If you work to succeed, you are working against the entire rest of the platform, which means everyone keeps everyone else unsuccessful.)).
+The way this works is that the total amount of money collected from end users is, at the end of the month, distributed to all artists equally, proportionally to their share in plays. This isn't about how many plays they got in absolute terms, it's about how many plays they got in comparison to everyone else. Example: If 30% of all plays in a month go to Taylor Swift (completely made up number), she will get 30% of the available money. So, regardless of how much you play Artist A, 30% of your money put into the platform //will// go to Taylor Swift. Trying to change this, for example by inflating Artist A's numbers (which is mathematically impossible to do legally)((Even if you go out of your way to listen to your favorite artist a lot to bolster their numbers. Not only would 1000 listens or 10,000 listens barely make a dent in the overall percentages, you as someone trying to help are still competing with listeners from other artists, who do the same thing. Proportionally, you're just cancelling each other out. And, funnily enough, that doesn't even matter because you will //never// outcompete stream farming bots who can inflate stream numbers at unimaginable rates.)). Spotify has - of course by "accident" - created a [[zero-sum]] game that will make everyone pay the big ones while small artists are fighting over the scraps. And the cool thing about //not// being one of the big artists is that it is essentially impossible to become one, because to do that you would have to the percentage of plays of other artists. If Artist A does somehow win, then that by design means that other artists will get (proportionally) less plays((And sure, they may get more plays in absolute terms, but that means nothing if you still get less of a share.)). If you, as an artist, become successful, you are doing that by increasing your proportional share of plays, which necessarily comes out of the share of plays of everyone else.
-You can imagine this as trying to sell books from your garage, but you only get 0,004€ per book sale - not because your books are shit, but because Amazon just sells //more//. Amazon is selling the other 99,999999999% of books in the book market, so you sell books for not even half a cent each. This means that even if you are a local legend and hold concerts in your hometown with a few thousand listeners from your community, that still only puts you ahead of 0,00000245% of artists on Spotify. Therefore you get paid like a 0,00000245%.\\
+You can imagine this as trying to sell books from your garage, but you only get 0,004€ per book sale - not because your books are shit, but because Amazon just sells //more//. Amazon has whole warehouses of books that they sell using freighters, planes and trucks, and because they sell 99,999999999% of books in the book market, you're just shit outta luck. Again, not because there is a problem with your books, it's solely because you're not the monopoly holder. In music terms, this means that even if you are a local legend and hold concerts in your hometown with a few thousand listeners from your community, that still only puts you ahead of 0,00000245% of artists on Spotify. Therefore you get paid like a 0,00000245%.\\
-Making Spotify a zero-sum((ie. capitalistic)) game means that it is - by design of the structure - impossible to win, and upward mobility is limited, regardless of the loyalty of a niche community.
+Making Spotify a zero-sum((ie. capitalistic)) game means that it is - by design of the structure - impossible to win.
 ====== 2. Consolidation of power structures ======
-But it gets better! How do we listen to music on Spotify? We get music recommendations, right? Isn't it convenient how Spotify is structured in a way to benefit big artists and, with its algorithm, also gets executive control over who the biggest artists are in the first place? Like, it just so happens that Spotify went out of its way to create a monetization "system" that works like an oligarchy and with its recommendation system also has a major, if not overwhelmingly large, say in who becomes an oligarch? And here is a little, dark secret that you may not even want to know - if they control who most people listen to... they also control who will //not// be listened to. So, uh, any bets on who we think is **not** going to get recommended a lot by the algorithm? Because, I think I have the hunch that Spotify will like to use its algorithm to reinforce the rigid and hostile monetization structure.
+Another thing about Spotify is that people like its algorithm. We get music recommendations from Spotify, which has a pretty big influence over what kind of music people listen to. As an outstanding observer... Isn't it convenient how Spotify is structured in a way to benefit big artists and, with its algorithm, also gets executive control over who the biggest artists are in the first place? Like, it just so happens that Spotify went out of its way to create a monetization "system" that works like an oligarchy and with its recommendation system also has a major, if not overwhelmingly large, say in who becomes an oligarch? And here is a little, dark secret that you may not even want to know - if they control who most people listen to... they also control who will //not// be listened to. So, uh, any bets on who we think is **not** going to get recommended a lot by the algorithm? Because, I think I have the hunch that Spotify will like to use its algorithm to reinforce the rigid and hostile monetization structure.
 Because, this isn't so much about the exact names of the oligarchs at the top as it is about keeping the total number of oligarchs low. The goal is closing the door behind yourself so that the top keep earning a lot more than anyone else.
-The invisible loser is, always, the local legend. The community rock band. Even renowned bands from your state (especially those). Ask any //actual music person// who is passionate about their work and wants to immerse themselves and others with their artistic way of self-expression - nobody, **nobody** likes Spotify. The only reason they use it is because they have to. If you don't, the same thing will happen to you that happens to small, family-run businesses: You get overrun by the monopoly and eventually have to close down. Usurpation is the end game of capitalism.
+The invisible loser is, always, the local legend, the community rock band or even just renowned bands from your state (especially those). Ask any //actual music person// who is passionate about their work and wants to immerse themselves and others with their artistic way of self-expression - nobody, **nobody** likes Spotify. The only reason they use it is because they have to. If you don't, you get overrun by the monopoly and eventually have to close down.
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 <wrap lo>Satirical, made up strawman person:</wrap> "But, you know, who cares about local artists, right? Those are all pussies, anyway. If you don't make enough you're not working hard enough. They should improve their music and cut down on unnecessary expenses. Less Netflix, it's a distraction, anyway. **I** make enough money to pay for a monthly Spotify membership and I get all the service I want. I get the music I care about, I can listen to it at 256kbit/s as opposed to the peasantly 128kbit/s (and can definitely hear the difference), the music I listen to is only from people who actually made it as individuals, so I don't have to listen to the riffraff."
-The problem in reality is, unfortunately, that you and I are riffraff ourselves. The same structural mechanics keeping people from earning livable wages on Spotify is why you and I are barely making any money in real life. If you can buy a Spotify membership you may not be a Taylor Swift, but you definitely enjoy a good amount of [[privilege]]. And, unfortunately, this privilege is //required//. Good for you that you, as a paying customer, don't have that problem, but for many of us this problem is real. Very real. Some of us have to accept massive cuts in their quality of life if they want to do something as basic as listening to music through Spotify. And this may sound acceptable if you consider that Spotify is a service offered to you, but people have their entire music library on there. If you stop paying for Spotify for //whatever// reason, then that's it for you (Covid happens? Trump tariffs happen? Inflation? Job loss? Healthcare/Surgery costs? Had to fix your washing machine? Just "didn't get as lucky and were born into a poor household"? Make your pick!). Even the music you downloaded, it's gone, you're //fucked//. You see, unlike a one-time purchase of a CD where you can just keep listening, not only do you have to pay Spotify a fee equal to the cost of a CD, but the money is also given to Taylor Swift //and// the CD is ripped away from you if you don't pay the next month.
+The problem in reality is, unfortunately, that you and I are riffraff ourselves. The same structural mechanics keeping people from earning livable wages on Spotify is (just about) why you and I are barely making any money in our own lives. If you can buy a Spotify membership you may not be a Taylor Swift, but you definitely enjoy a good amount of [[privilege]]. That's good for you, but in this case the privilege is **required**. For many of us this problem is real. Very real. Some of us have to accept massive cuts in their quality of life if they want to do something as basic as listening to music through Spotify. And this may sound acceptable if you consider that Spotify is a service offered to you, but people have their entire music library on there. If you stop paying for Spotify for //whatever// reason, then that's it for you (Covid happens? Trump tariffs happen? Inflation? Price hike? Job loss? Healthcare/Surgery costs? Had to fix your washing machine? Just "didn't get as lucky and were born into a poor household"? Make your pick!). Even the music you downloaded, it's gone, you're //fucked//. You do not own anything on Spotify. When you submit yourself to Spotify, you accept that Spotify is in control of your access to music. If they don't like your face, or if you stop paying the membership fee for any of the three quadrillion possible reasons, you get kicked out.
-Spotify controls who gets the money - Spotify controls who gets to be in a position of making money - Spotify controls your access to music. Don't like you? Kicked out. Don't pay their small monthly fee? Kicked out.\\
+When you're kicked out, you're done. Spotify is a deliberately designed walled garden with no way of migrating to another platform easily. You do anything on Spotify that you care about - for example finding new music or creating playlists - then now that's it. You have to keep paying Spotify until the end of your life, 13€ per month. If you live another 60 years then you'll be paying 9360€ just to keep being allowed to listen to your music. Does any normal person ever get close to spending anywhere that much on music? My friend, you could buy a car from that and listen to music on any other platform instead. Subscription prices rack up fast. And if you fail to pay, at any time, for any reason, you're excluded from the party.
-You got kicked out? Well bad luck for you, Spotify is a deliberately designed walled garden with no way of migrating to another platform easily. You do anything on Spotify that you care about - for example finding new music or creating playlists - then now that's it: You now have to keep paying Spotify until the end of your life, 13€ per month. If you live another 60 years then you'll be paying 9360€ just to keep being allowed to listen to your music. Does any normal person ever get close to spending anywhere that close on music? My friend, you could buy a car from that and listen to music on any other platform instead. Subscription prices rack up fast. And if you fail to pay, at any time, for any reason, you're now excluded from the party.
-And also, you will listen to music the way //Spotify// wants you to. So you will be using //their// audio player, regardless of whether you like it, you will //not// be getting access to the actual audio files to use them in personal/private projects, Spotify controls for you which music they allow or disallow on their platform, and if you want to do //anything// with their music you will use only the tools Spotify gives you to do it. If their tools don't allow you to do what you want to do, then you're a poor sucker. Out-of-line steppers get slammed. External API's are killed. 3rd party playback support is killed. Everything is kept proprietary so that only Spotify has control over how their product is used((Which, to be clear, isn't inherently wrong, but makes the product inherently shitty.)). If Spotify changes their tune in the future and becomes more predatory to the consumers, either through monetization practices or restriction of functionality, then you can be outraged for a bit, but then you will go back to paying the membership again, because that's what you'll do anyway. Or, you go the hard route of migrating to a different platform, which was //designed// by Spotify to be particularly difficult. No inter-compatibility, proprietary standards that others aren't allowed to use, no option at all to change your mind in the future. Once you're in the ecosystem, you're locked into it and if you want out, you will lose //everything//.
+And also, you will listen to music the way //Spotify// wants you to. So you will be using //their// audio player, regardless of whether you like it, you will //not// be getting access to the actual audio files to use them in personal/private projects, Spotify controls for you which music they allow or disallow on their platform, and if you want to do //anything// with their music you will use only the tools Spotify gives you to do it. If their tools don't allow you to do what you want to do, then you're just another subscription-paying customer. Spotify killed its external API's and 3rd party playback support. Everything is kept proprietary so that only Spotify has control over how their product is used((Which, to be clear, isn't inherently wrong, but makes the product inherently shitty.)). If Spotify changes their tune in the future and becomes more predatory to the consumers, either through monetization practices or restriction of functionality, then you can be outraged for a bit, but then you will go back to paying the membership again, because that's what you'll do anyway.
-EVEN if you read a page about Spotify online and decide "honestly, yeah, fuck this platform", you'll probably still think to yourself "well, but how am I gonna migrate away from it? There's no way to export your playlists and all", which may or may not ultimately make you think that it's not worth the drama. Every good platform has the kind of inter-compatibility needed to leave you with a choice and to give you the data you need to exist and function independently of the platform... but not Spotify((This is beginning to sound more and more cult-like, they make it hard to leave, too. Hmmmm...)).
+That reminds me, I have a story to tell you about how YouTube has been enshittified over the years but, because it is not a walled garden, people created tools to make it not shitty again. But Spotify is different. When Spotify enshittifies, and it's already on its way of doing that, the only option you have is to give up Spotify entirely, including all your playlists and everything, and restart form zero. Spotify by design offers no  inter-compatibility, and uses only proprietary standards //to make sure// that your way out of Spotify is as hard as it can possibly be.
+EVEN if you read a page about Spotify online and decide "honestly, yeah, fuck this platform", you'll probably still think to yourself "well, but how am I gonna migrate away from it? There's no way to export your playlists and all", which may or may not ultimately make you think that it's not worth the drama. Every good platform has the kind of inter-compatibility needed to leave you with a choice and to give you the data you need to exist and function independently of the platform... but not Spotify((This is beginning to sound more and more cult-like, they make it hard to leave, too. Hmmmm...)).
-====== 4. Ineffective against piracy ======
-Uh, what was the justification again? Right! Piracy!\\
-To be fair, it worked for a while - pay ten bucks((Oh, those are the old prices, no? Ooops.)) a month and get “everything” instantly? Nice! Convenience killed piracy, or at least shoved it into the background. But think about it this way: To executives, piracy is a variable to consider in business, not a matter of ethics where we are trying to "do the right thing" or "care about the artists". Spotify is piracy’s corporate replacement: Same lack of ownership, same file restrictions, artists get fucked over, except now you’re paying rent to a gatekeeper who decides what music even exists on the platform. And piracy? Well, it is alive and well. It hasn’t died, it just mutated. People still pirate because Spotify locks away files, removes albums without warning, or doesn’t even carry half the music outside the mainstream. The only real difference is that back in the day you stole from the labels; now you pay the labels monthly, and the illusion of legitimacy keeps you from noticing that, functionally, nothing has changed: You still don’t own anything, but now you're paying money for the privilege.
+====== 4. Piracy ======
+To executives, piracy is a variable to consider in business, not a matter of ethics where we are trying to "do the right thing" or "care about the artists" (right, about that...). Remember, these are the same kind of people that would prefer people dying and paying for the resulting lawsuits, rather than paying for proper staffing, maintenance and safety checks. You know, unlike executives, people are conceptually actually willing to do the right thing (especially when you make it as convenient as Spotify does). People be willing to pay if companies get the pricing right. That's why Spotify is working, at least a little bit, to reduce piracy.
-And, the war is truly on. Ever since Spotify came into being there has been a campaign to keep users docile. When I say that I deeply respect Spotify's business, what I really mean is their PR department and how good they are at whitewashing the Spotify brand. Of course you cannot hide your monetization model, but you can pull a lot of strings to prevent that from ever getting too much attention. The PR department at Spotify is so successful it's almost magical. Nobody talks about any of this. Even amongst the artists being systemically discriminated, there is barely any conversation about this stuff((I know I know, there are exceptions.)). Have we just accepted our capitalistic overlords as a fact of life? At least be mad or something. When we order from Amazon we at least admit that it's bad, that Amazon has serious socioeconomic issues and that you shouldn't buy from there. With Spotify, you are likely to meet someone who accepts that its monetization model is discriminatory, but sees no serious problems with Spotify beyond that. We all have lots to learn from the Spotify PR department.
+Ultimately though, Spotify is another in a long list of companies trying profit at your expense, with the objective "Reduce piracy" being a literal stand-in for "maximize profit margins", **not** whatever **you** think is good about reducing piracy.
 //If you want, continue reading on [[Spotify (Level 2)]]//